Населення Сум XVII-XVIII ст. за результатами археологічних і краніологічних досліджень

Abstract

У статті проаналізовано залишки людей, похованих у козацькому місті Суми в XVII-XVIII ст. Проведено порівняльний аналіз морфологічних комплексів цієї вибірки з населенням Східної Європи XVI-XX ст. Виявлено, що за даними краніометрії чоловіча досліджувана серія проявляє подібність до груп із центральних районів України, зокрема Вишгорода. У свою чергу, жіноча група за даними краніометрії знаходить аналогії з українками східних регіонів, а саме сотенного містечка Лютеньки. За даними етнічної краніоскопії, де жінки і чоловіки розглядалися спільно, досліджувана вибірка проявляє свою подібність до Латишів на даному етапі дослідження.

В статье проанализированы останки людей, похороненных в казацком городе Сумы в XVII-XVIII вв. Проведен сравнительный анализ морфологических комплексов этой выборки с населением Восточной Европы XVI-XX вв. Выявлено, что по данным краниометрии мужская исследуемая серия проявляет сходство с группами из центральных районов Украины, в частности Вышгорода. В свою очередь женская группа, по данным краниометрии, находит аналогии с украинками восточных регионов, а именно сотенного городка Лютеньки. По данным этнической краниоскопии, где женщины и мужчины рассматривались совместно, исследуемая выборка проявляет своё подобие к Латышам на данном этапе исследования.

During the framing of the building in the middle of XIX century utmost burials of the church cemetery were damaged. The territory fallen under the building is situated within Sumy fortress of XV²²–XV²²² centuries on the north east from the Transfiguration Cathedral. Due to strict deadlines set by the city council and the department of architecture, which were connected with emergency and dangerous state of the neighbor buildings and unfavorable weather conditions (rain with wet snow, frosts) full excavations were not able to be conducted but only observation of earthwork. Taking into account the results of observation during the building of diocesan administration on the neighbor territory the investigation was conducted with the method of trimming. In previous years (1990-1991) the museum staff managed to fix 25 burials situated in ranks and reveal two coins in redeposited layers of the burial pits (one of 30-th, other of 80-th of XVIII century), which enabled to date these burials. Then the employee of the Institute of Archeology NASU P.M. Pokas chose the craniological series for anthropological investigation, which is kept in the Institute of Archeology nowadays. Unfortunately, untimely death prevented the researcher to study it. Recently examined these materials give the opportunity to make an idea about the anthropological content of the first settlers of Sumy. The given city series is one of three groups that belong to XVII–XVIII centuries and were recently gotten during the archeological investigations on the territory of the Left Bank Dnepr In the article, the remains of people buried in Cossack town of Sumy in XVII-XVIII centuries have been analyzed. It has been denoted that male skulls are characterized by the moderate development of the muscle relief and weak brahicrany. Longitude and latitude diameters belong to the category of middle sizes too. The ear height is moderate. The size of zygomatic diameter is moderate. General angle of a face and upper-face index denote its mesognatics. Upper and lower part of a face is well-profiled in general. Orbits are low. In a whole a nose is of moderate and a noseband is high in male series. An angle of nose bones protrusion is large. In its turn female skulls are characterized with brahicrany. A face is orthogenetic after general angle, has moderate width and heights. Upper facial index is moderate. The profiling of a face is moderate on the upper level and strong on the lover one. Orbits are average after the index. A nose is narrow; a noseband is low; nose protrusion is moderate. The analyses of this sample morphological complexes and population of East Europe of XVI-XX centuries has been conducted. It has been discovered that after craniometrical data investigated male series shows similarities with the groups of central regions of Ukraine, in particular Vyshgorod. In its turn female group, according to craniîmetrical data, finds analogues with Ukrainian women from East regions, particularly with wall town of Lyutenka. According to the data of ethnic cranioscopy where females and males have been examined together, the studied sample is similar to the Latvians on the given period of investigation.