Науково-методичний підхід до оцінювання екологічного ризику різних видів економічної діяльності

Abstract

У статті розглянуто поетапний алгоритм розробки науково-методичного підходу до оцінювання екологічного ризику для різних видів економічної діяльності України. Визначено, що формалізація екологічного ризику повинна включати три складові: ймовірність настання несприятливої події, вартісне оцінювання збитків, міру відхилення від бажаного результату, а також корегуватись на рівень природоохоронних заходів. Проведена практична ідентифікація рівня екологічного ризику для різних видів економічної діяльності в Сумській області.

В статье рассмотрены особенности построения научно-методического подхода к оцениванию экологического риска различных видов экономической деятельности Украины. Определено, что формализация экологического риска должна включать три составляющие: вероятность наступления неблагоприятного события, стоимостное оценивание убытков, степень отклонения от желаемого результата, а также корректироваться на уровень природоохранных мероприятий. Проведена практическая идентификация уровня экологического риска для различных видов экономической деятельности в Сумской области.

The aim of the article. The paper describes the particularities of construction of scientific and methodical approach to the environmental risk assessment for different types of economic activity in Ukraine. The result of the analysis. It was roved that the environmental risk assessment in the current economic conditions must be taken into account at the same time not only the probability of occurrence of adverse events and the possible level of damage caused by their implementation, but also the degree of deviation from the desired outcome and costs of economic agents aimed at environmental protection. The integrated consideration of the above aspects provides an assessment of all quantitative characteristics by which it is possible to describe environmental risk, namely: environmental pollution indicators, the volume of losses that occur in case of disturbance of the requirements of environmental legislation and indicators of the characteristics of nature protection measures. It was found that the modern methodological basis for assessing environmental risk should be based on a comprehensive description of aspects, namely: the volume of environmental pollution (from stationary and mobile objects) within each type of economic activity; the extent of damage to the ecosystem of the country or region, as well as to its citizens; levels of non-attainment of environmental risk to the maximum value, as well as tools that minimize this risk within the limits of the magnitude of preventive measures. It was proposed the qualitative grading of the levels of environmental risk in terms of types of economic activity that allows to determine the existing degree of danger and to form the most priority measures to minimize environmental risk. It was determined that the formalization of environmental risk must include three components: the probability of adverse events, the monetary evaluation of losses, the degree of deviation from the desired result, and it should be adjusted to the level of environmental protection measures. Mathematical formalization of the proposed complex index evaluating the environmental risk for different types of economic activities consists of five stages: 1) forming the input array of relevant indicators of environmental risk characteristics; 2) bringing the test indicators of environmental risk assessment of comparable type using the normalization of Harrington; 3) the formation of normalized integral index of environmental risk evaluation in the region in terms of characteristics of contamination volumes; 4) calculating the environmental risk assessment as a quantitative estimation of the measure of deviation from the desired result and their normalization by the Harrington method; 5) adjustment of integral index of environmental risk assessment for capital investments and operating costs in the line of environmental protection measures. A practical level of identification of environmental risk for different types of economic activity in Sumy region was performed. Conclusions. It was established that such production facilities as JSC Sumykhimprom (chemical industry), JSC SNVO (engineering), subsidiaries of JSC Ukrnafta (oil refining industry) and numerous farm enterprises execute a basic destructive impact on the ecology of the region. In turn, public utilities of electrical and water supply also contaminate the environment a lot, which is a common problem for Ukraine and is unacceptable for state-owned enterprises. The implementation of the proposed scientific and methodological approach showed that the highest level of environmental risk in the Sumy region is for mining industries, the development of quarries, as well as agriculture, forestry and fisheries, while the least dangerous are public administration and defense, and social insurance.