Навчальні заклади системи трудових резервів у період відбудови економіки України (1943–1950 рр.)

Abstract

Робота присвячена комплексному вивченню найважливіших аспектів функціонування навчальних закладів системи державних трудових резервів під час відбудови економіки України у 1943–1950 рр. На основі архівних джерел та опублікованих матеріалів, інформації повоєнної преси, усної історії, мемуарної та автобіографічної літератури розкрито головні особливості процесу відновлення та розвитку мережі навчальних закладів трудових резервів УРСР наприкінці Другої світової війни та у повоєнний період. Запропоновано вдосконалену типологію досліджуваних закладів. Було охарактеризовано стан матеріальної бази установ системи ДТР. Визначено кількісний та якісний склад персоналу шкіл та училищ трудових резервів. Виявлено особливості комплектування учнівського контингенту закладів та проаналізовані проблеми його збереження. Розкрито головні характеристики навчального процесу в установах системи ДТР. Встановлено основні риси виховної роботи та форм учнівського дозвілля у закладах трудрезервів. Проаналізовано стан матеріально-побутового забезпечення молоді під час навчання: харчування, обмундирування та умови проживання учнів. Доведено, що фактичне забезпечення трудрезервників їжею, одягом і житлом встановленим нормам здебільшого не відповідали.

Работа посвящена комплексному изучению важнейших аспектов функционирования учебных заведений системы государственных трудовых резервов (ГТР) во время восстановления экономики Украины в 1943–1950 рр. Опираясь на архивные материалы, опубликованные документы, информацию послевоенной прессы, устной истории, мемуарной и автобиографичной литературы, раскрыты главные особенности процесса восстановления и развития сети учебных заведений трудовых резервов УССР в конце Второй мировой войны и в послевоенный период. Предложена усовершенствованная типология исследуемых заведений. Было охарактеризовано состояние материальной базы учреждений системы ГТР. Определен количественный и качественный состав персонала школ и училищ трудовых резервов. Выявлены особенности комплектования ученического контингента заведений и проанализированы проблемы его сохранения. Раскрыты главные характеристики учебного процесса в учреждениях системы ГТР. Установлены основные черты воспитательной работы и форм досуга учащихся в заведениях трудрезервов. Проанализировано состояние материально-бытового обеспечения молодежи во время обучения: питание, обмундирование и условия проживания учащихся. Доказано, что фактическое обеспечение трудрезервников едой, одеждой и жильем установленным нормам зачастую не соответствовало.

The paper is devoted to complex study of the most important aspects of the functioning of Labour Reserves (LR) educational institutions during the economy recovery of Ukraine in 1943–1950. The status of scientific research of the topic was studied and the source base was analysed in the work. Three groups of research papers on investigated themes were defined and described: the Soviet, modern Ukrainian and foreign historiography. In general, the literature partially covered only a few pages of Labour Reserves institutions history. There is still no generalizing research, which comprehensive examines the socio-economic and socio-cultural features of the LR system during the economy recovery of Ukraine (1943–1950) as a subject. The basic sources of this study are documents from the central archives funds (Central State Archives of Supreme Bodies of Power and Government of Ukraine, Central State Archives of Public Organizations of Ukraine) and some regional state archives. A methodological base of the research includes the principles of historicism, objectivity, consistency, comprehensiveness, anthropologism. The range of general, specific historical and interdisciplinary research methods was used. It includes analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, typology, comparative historical, problem-chronological, retrospective, prosopography, cliometrics methods etc. The main features of restoring and developing a network of schools of labor reserves of Ukrainian SSR were clarified. They were close relationship with the condition of strategic sectors development of the economy, the emergence of new types of educational institutions, geographical heterogeneity of accommodation, and reorientation from mass to higher quality of young workers in the late 1940s. The condition of the material base of Labour Reserves was described. Material base of LR schools was mostly created by themselves, their staff and students in a lack of building materials and technical equipment. Direct government funding was insufficient. The imperfection of centralized supply was compensated to some extent by the help of basic enterprises and patrons. The quantitative and qualitative composition of the staff of Labour Reserves schools was studied. Educational qualification of administrative and teaching staff of institutions during Recovery period remained extremely low and has become one of the failings that prevented the normal operation of these institutions. Poor discipline of employees and turnover even more aggravated the problem. The features of student contingent recruitment by LR agencies were indicated and the problems of youth saving were analysed. Enforcement mobilization actions played a crucial role in filling of Labour Reserves. The maximum number of LR students in Ukraine has reached at the turn of 1947–1948. The large-scale process of involving young people in LR institutions and methods of its implementation were complicated by different approaches to recruiting student contingent of certain types of institutions, the expansion of the mobilized categories and ambiguous motivation of young people to education. The saving of the student contingent was one of the central problems of the Labour Reserves system. The most common cause of contingent loss was students escapes, reduce the amount of which was not possible even with the criminal prosecution. Main characteristics of the educational process in LR schools were revealed. Industrial training, special technical and general disciplines, politic studies and military instruction were the components of the young workers training in Labour Reserves institutions. The emphasis was placed on gaining practical experience through industrial training. The work of the students during practice was mainly used as a method of their almost free exploitation. Main features of educative work and forms of student leisure activities in LR institutions were identified. Material support of young people during their studies (especially food, clothing and living conditions of students) was investigated. State standards of the food supply and material conditions in LR institutions perceived as satisfactory under the postwar hunger and needs. However, the actual provision of food and clothing largely didn’t consistent to official standards through problems of centralized procurement, inefficient use of resources, inadequate quality of goods and corruption among staff. Most students lived in dormitories while studying. The lack of furniture, bedding, fuel, and cramped spaces, lack of sanitation, poor social conditions prevented the normal functioning of hostels.