Fracture Analysis of High-Strength Screw for Highway Construction

Abstract

High-strength screws represent one of the main joining or fastening components which are commonly used in the process of installation of frame constructions for information boards or signposts, relating to the traffic roads. The control of the production process may not always be a sufficient method for ensuring road safety. The backward investigation and control of the screw material processing seems to be the one of the most important procedures when there is the occurrence of any failure during the operation of the screw. This paper is mainly focused on the analysis of the failure of the high-strength screw of 10.9 grade with M diameter of 27 × 3 and a shank length of 64 mm. The mentioned and investigated screw was used as a fastener in a highway frame construction. In the paper, there is mainly the analysis of the material for a broken screw in terms of the material micropurity, the material microstructure, the surface treatment as well as chemical composition. The evaluation was based on investigation by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Important knowledge and results were also obtained due to information on micromorphology and material contrast of the fracture surface resulting from fractographic analysis, using the method of scanning electron microscopy. In the case of the production of the high-strength screws, the tempering stands for the decisive or crucial process of heat treatment because the given process can ensure a decrease in hardness, while the required ductile properties of the material are kept and this is also reflected in the increase of strength and micromorphology of the fracture surface. From the aspect of micropurity, inclusions of critical size or distribution were not identified in the material, referring to Czech standard ČSN ISO 4967 (420471). The microstructure corresponds to tempered martensite, but the fracture surface of the broken screw was based on an intercrystalline micromechanism, which is undesirable for the given type of component. Combined with the measurement of the HV1 (Vickers hardness at a load of 1 kg) from the edge to the central area of the screw, the analysis revealed the significant drawbacks in the heat treatment of the high-strength screw.